source: https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2022/10/19/cassava-sciences-alzheimers-results-2022.html
Alzheimer's is daunting, not only in concept but also when witnessed firsthand. Although we know that genetics play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, much remains to be uncovered. Let's delve into what we is currently hypothesized and the areas that still require further research.
What is the brain composed of?
The brain is an incredibly complex organ made up of nervous tissue that orchestrates a wide range of functions, including movement, emotions, language, and memory. It operates through a vast network of neurons, which transmit signals throughout the brain. These neurons communicate via dendrites and axons, forming dynamic connections that are constantly forming and breaking, creating an ever-changing web of communication. This dynamic ability is known as synaptic plasticity, and is fundamental for cognitive function and repair.
Amyloid-beta (AB) theory
Historically, Alzheimer's research has heavily focused on the amyloid-beta protein. The amyloid-beta theory is that abnormal levels of this protein clump together to form aggregates which ultimately disrupts cell function. To put it simply, this is comparable to the way plaque buildup in arteries or on teeth can cause serious health issues.
However, in recent years, scientists debunked a highly cited article in a prestigious science journal that had laid the foundation for decades of research and funding into the amyloid-beta protein theory. This theory dominated Alzheimer’s research, directing significant resources toward amyloid-beta as the primary cause. The falsification of that 2006 study led to nearly two decades of focused funding with minimal progress. Although this theory has been discredited, amyloid-beta remains a potential factor in Alzheimer’s disease, but it is no longer the central focus of research.
Tau theory
Another significant area of study is the tau protein. The tau theory suggests that abnormal modifications of tau protein cause normal tau to form tangles in neurons. To relate this to a common health issue, think of tau tangles like the twisted, knotted muscles seen in severe cases of muscle cramps or spasms, where the fibers are so tightly wound that they can't function properly. Similarly, these tau tangles disrupt the normal functioning of neurons. Although tau-based therapies are still in the early stages, research continues to explore their effectiveness.
Other factors potentially contributing to Alzheimer's include disrupted brain pathways, environmental influences, malnutrition, genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, and more. While there’s no guaranteed prevention for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, adopting healthy habits can help mitigate risks. Engaging in physical activity, ensuring quality sleep, and maintaining healthy blood pressure are essential steps in this direction.
To advance our understanding of Alzheimer’s and related conditions, future research should broaden its scope beyond amyloid-beta and tau protein aggregation. Exploring other aspects of neurological health may uncover new therapeutic avenues, bringing hope for future treatments.
Sources:
Assessed and Endorsed by the MedReport Medical Review Board