Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from bacterial toxins entering the bloodstream. Most often, it is associated with Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) or Streptococcus pyogenes (strep) ; however, other bacteria can also cause TSS, such as Clostridium sordellii. Symptoms include fever, rash, skin peeling, organ failure, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, dizziness, and muscle aches. However, skin changes may not always be present.
Typically, blood and urine samples are needed to test for the presence of bacteria, like staph or strep, to diagnose TSS accurately. Since TSS can affect multiple organs—such as the kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, and skin— your doctor may order additional tests to determine the extent of the condition and a treatment plan. TSS does not go away independently; thus, immediate medical intervention is required. A combination of antibiotics, fluids, medications to stabilize blood pressure, and sometimes surgery for drainage or to remove infected tissue is necessary.
TSS is associated with post-surgical wound infections, skin injuries, and improper use of menstruation products. Changing tampons and pads regularly is crucial to prevent bacteria growth and the release of toxins into the bloodstream. Some ways to reduce the risk of TSS include:
Washing your hands thoroughly before and after inserting a tampon.
Only opening a tampon or pad immediately before use.
Use sanitary pads instead of tampons at night.
If you get a wound, keep the area clean, dry, and adequately bandaged.
Change wound dressings regularly and watch for any signs of infection, such as swelling, redness, pain, and fever.
A common misconception is that TSS is caused solely by tampons and only affects menstruating women. Although it is most commonly seen in female adolescents, TSS does not discriminate by sex or age and can affect anyone. It can result from other sources and products, such as menstrual cups, contraceptive sponges, sanitary pads, skin infections, surgical wounds, abortion, miscarriage, and recent childbirth.
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Assessed and Endorsed by the MedReport Medical Review Board