Aging is an inevitable phenomenon for every person, yet it is the greatest risk factor for one of the most well known disorders—Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior due to the build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. It is the most common cause of dementia, with approximately 6.9 million people in the U.S. affected by it and more than 70% of them being age 75 or older.
Symptoms
One of the most well documented symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is memory loss. Starting from early on in the disease’s progression, individuals may begin having trouble recalling recent events or conversations. Gradually, the memory loss may worsen along with the onset of other symptoms such as dehydration, poor nutrition, and infection due to loss of brain function. Individuals with Alzheimer's may also struggle with concentrating and thinking. Additionally, they may have trouble with making sensible judgements and performing basic tasks. Changes in personality and behavior can also be observed in some cases.
Despite these challenges, those with Alzheimer’s disease may retain certain skills known as “preserved skills.” These skills may include things such as reading, singing, or dancing. They are able to be retained due to being managed by parts of the brain that are affected later in the progression of the disease.
Causes
Alzheimer’s disease is caused by malfunctioning proteins in the brain which results in the neurons becoming damaged, losing connection with each other, and subsequently dying off. Tau proteins, which are crucial for internal support and transportation of essential materials in the brain, can become misshapen and form neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, disrupting transport and leading to damaged cells. Beta-amyloid protein fragments can also cluster together, leading to formation of amyloid plaques in the brain which disrupt cell communication.
Risk Factors
There are several risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease. These factors include age, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Many people with Down syndrome are also diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, with symptoms being reported to start approximately 10 to 20 years earlier than the general population. It is important to note that this disease begins years prior to the appearance of symptoms, affecting the parts of the brain in charge of memory the most.
Diagnosis
It may be difficult for those with Alzheimer's disease to recognize their own symptoms, making it especially important for those around them to be vigilant when assessing potential symptoms.
Lab tests, brain-imaging (MRI, CT, PET), and memory testing can be used to help healthcare professionals diagnose patients with Alzheimer's disease while ruling out other possible conditions. They may also interview those who know the patient well in order to gain a better understanding of the progression of the patient's symptoms.
Outlook and Prevention
Unfortunately, there is currently no known cure for Alzheimer’s disease. However, several strategies can potentially help reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, carefully managing other conditions (ex. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, etc) and avoiding smoking are all measures that may lower the likelihood of developing the condition. Obtaining an early diagnosis can be beneficial as there are several treatments available that can help patients manage their symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.
References
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/alzheimers/art-20048075 Assessed and Endorsed by the MedReport Medical Review Board