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Aortic Dissection and Aortic Graft Surgery

Writer's picture: Nikki ElmiNikki Elmi
1 day ago3 min read

By Nikki Elmi


The 4 types of ascending aorta and aortic root replacement surgeries.
The 4 types of ascending aorta and aortic root replacement surgeries.

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the aorta, the body’s main artery. This allows blood to enter the arterial wall, causing it to split and weaken. If left untreated, the condition can lead to aortic rupture, which is often fatal. Aortic dissection is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention. In cases where the dissection leads to an aneurysm (a balloon-like bulge in the aorta), doctors may recommend surgical repair to prevent rupture. Advances in surgical techniques, including aortic grafting, have significantly improved survival rates for patients diagnosed with this condition.


Hypertension (high blood pressure) is caused by a narrowing in the blood vessels which leads to reduced blood flow.
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is caused by a narrowing in the blood vessels which leads to reduced blood flow.

The primary cause of aortic dissection is uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension), which weakens the walls of the aorta over time. Other risk factors include genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, connective tissue disorders, atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries), and a history of smoking. Trauma, such as a severe chest injury, can also contribute to the development of aortic dissection. In some cases, patients may have an aortic aneurysm—a weakened, enlarged section of the artery—that increases the likelihood of dissection. Individuals with a family history of aortic diseases or those who engage in heavy weightlifting or extreme physical exertion are also at a higher risk.


Non-gated CT angiogram showing apparent dissection as indicated by the arrow.
Non-gated CT angiogram showing apparent dissection as indicated by the arrow.

Treatment for aortic dissection depends on the severity and location of the tear. Medical management with blood pressure-lowering medications, such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, is used for small or stable dissections. However, surgical intervention is often required for large aneurysms, rapidly growing aneurysms, or cases with life-threatening complications. The aortic graft surgery involves replacing the damaged section of the aorta with a synthetic graft to restore normal blood flow and prevent rupture. This can be done through open-heart surgery, which requires a large chest incision, or a minimally invasive procedure called endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), where a stent-graft is placed inside the aorta through a catheter. The choice of procedure depends on the patient’s overall health and the location of the dissection.


The composite graft is parachuted into the aortic annulus (mechanical valve)
The composite graft is parachuted into the aortic annulus (mechanical valve)

Recovery from aortic surgery requires careful monitoring and lifestyle adjustments. Hospitalization lasts from a few days to two weeks, depending on whether open or endovascular surgery was performed. Patients must strictly control blood pressure to prevent further damage, follow a heart-healthy diet, and avoid heavy lifting and high-intensity exercise for several months. Cardiac rehabilitation programs help patients gradually regain strength and improve heart function. Long-term care includes routine imaging tests (CT scans or MRIs) to monitor the graft and prevent future complications. With proper treatment and lifestyle modifications, many patients can lead healthy, active lives while minimizing the risk of future aortic complications.




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​​The information provided by the MedReport Foundation is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The MedReport Foundation's resources are solely for informational, educational, and entertainment purposes. Always seek professional care from a licensed provider for any emergency or medical condition. 
 

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